Platos Theory of Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Platos Theory of Knowledge - Essay Example The theory rests in the myth that describes people chained within a cave. The only images they see are the shadows of objects and animals held in front of a fire that is behind them that reflects on the cave walls in front of them. That is all they had ever seen so that is what they believe to be real. One day a man escaped the cave and went outside. With the sun he saw what was real in the world and realized all he ever saw were just shadows. He went back to the men in the cave and told them all this. He told them that they too could see the outside if they broke free of their chains but they didn't believe him. The environment of the cave to Plato symbolizes the physical world of appearances. Escaping into the sun-filled world means the transition into the real world that is full and perfect. A world where things are not viewed only in a material sense. It is here that the whole of Plato's philosophy is summed up. Plato's theory of knowledge is devoted to definitions of science and knowledge. Developing the argument from the lower consciousness to the higher consciousness, in which perception, opinion, reasoning are closely examined. Cornford F.M in his interpretations "Plato's Theory of Knowledge", the phrase "degrees of reality" is found in many commentaries to describe the aforementioned hierarchy. Vlastos' "A Metaphysical Paradox" and "Degrees of Reality in Plato." Cornford describes this as "a distinct order of realities." Plato's ethical theory rests on the assumption that virtue is knowledge and can be taught, which has to be understood in terms of his theory of Forms. One of his famous arguments is that to "know the good is to do the good". Being the world of forms, which is the proper object of knowledge. Of interest to our discussion is his later work that features Socrates and his pupil theaetetus in a dialogue named after the latter. Theaetetus is introduced to us as a valiant and a hero of the battle of Corinth and of the dialogue. He is a disciple of Theodorus, a reputed geometrician, whose specialization is thus indicated to be the propaedeutic to philosophy. Theaetetus is introduced as wounded and also as having several similarities with Socrates, same contrast sharp mind and the unattractive features. Theodorus presents the younger man as courageous, intelligent and selfless. These qualities are seen as dialogue heats up.. Socrates is impressed by these credentials and invites theaetetus in a witty discussion on different issues. After overcoming the initial sense of wonder, he rises to the occasion, and begins to follow the flow of the discussion eventually he's able to comprehend the consequences of his own answers. The question about the "nature of knowledge" opens his mind and encourages him to think not only in a mathematical sense which he is used to but also in metaphysical sense. Eventually it dawns on him that "there are universal conceptions of being, likeness, sameness, number, which the mind contemplates in her." In the dialogues Plato devotes himself to coining definitions of knowledge, conception, science and the like but at the same time tearing down the same definitions in an attempt to invoke in the mind of the student a desperation that will cause critical thinking. In the first part when asked his opinion

Film Induced Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Film Induced Tourism - Essay Example In this report, the main focus will be on a case study, â€Å"Sea Change in Barwon Heads.† Barwon heads is a small suburb where a popular television series, â€Å"Sea Change† was filmed. The issues and controversies at Barwon Heads will be discussed associated with this television series, which induced tourism in that area. Moreover, an analysis of these issues on hospitality and tourism sector will be discussed along with its implication on society in the 21st century (Beeton, 2001). An overview: Issues and Controversies in Film Induced Tourism Most of the people who have an interest in films festival visit different countries to gain experience of their culture and values that are being depicted through these films. The main focus of film induced tourist festival is to be successful in promoting good quality films, which can convert large audiences, who come to see these movies, into tourists (Claudia-Elena & Puiu, 2011). There can be many issues that the tourist sect or may have while promoting their films like; Finding which films or television series that can promote tourist activities and gather large audiences (Claudia-Elena & Puiu, 2011). If the tourist activity will subside once the film has reached its popularity level. If tourists will be attracted towards a site where there are shooting locations. Managing tourism during screening to encourage more tourists (Claudia-Elena & Puiu, 2011). How a tourist sector and film industry can work together to promote tourism. Highlighting and understanding the significance of tourism and film industry on the economy of a country can resolve these issues. There is also a need to understand how tourism has its effect on filming and vice versa. By studying these areas, tourism can be marketed effectively. Case Study: How film induced tourism has an impact on attitudes of a community Mostly People are inclined towards entertainment and celebrities and their perceptions are linked with these figures of th e film industry. When the tourist sector hosts a film it has socio-cultural effects on the people, which can be seen in changing perceptions of visitors about the destination. These perceptions are changing due to interaction among the hosts and guests while understanding the differences in their culture (Busby & Klug, 2001). However, there are changes in the behavior of the hosts and guests, which can have an impact on the community. The case of Australian television Series; Sea Change provides an understanding on the issues of physical changes that took place at the Victorian coastal village of Barwon Heads where this film was shooting. Moreover, the impact of this television series on residents and tourism sector will be discussed (Coast, 2013). Australian Television Series: Sea Change When the television series â€Å"Sea Change† was screened, the show gained immense popularity (SeaChange, 2010), and there was increased visitation at Barwon Heads, where the series was bein g filmed (Beeton, 2001). There were many studies through surveys and interviews that were conducted that showed the effects of these visitations on local residents. These studies were drawn after the screening finished and showed the issues and attitudes of local people and visitors at Barwon Heads. The opinions, which were generated, presented the impacts of â€Å"

International finance manager Essay Example for Free

International finance manager Essay Bob Swan is the International Finance Officer to eBay Inc. He is also the senior vice president to the company. He is responsible for eBay’s finance function including controllership, tax, treasury, financial planning and analysis, audit, mergers and acquisitions, and investors relations. He has worked for Electronic Data Systems Corporation (EDS) as an executive vice president. He has also served as Chief Financial Officer (CFO) and executive vice president at TRW, Inc. , held an executive-level position at Webvan Group, Inc. His career started with General Electric in 1985 where he spent 15 years while serving at different positions such as corporate audit staff and CFO at GE Medical Systems-Europe and GE transportation Systems. Bob holds a bachelor of science in business administration from State University of New York at Buffalo. He also has a master of Business Administration from SUNY Binghamton. (eBayExecutiveTeam 2010). Risks management eBay as an online marketplace faces a number of risks. It list millions of items across thousands of diverse categories, including antiques, books, toys, sports, computers, photography and electronics and others. It has to manage operational risks and regulatory and legal issues. The company focuses on building trust and safety for trade to its customers. This is ensured through rules and policies, trust building programmes, various educational resources which help in maintaining general marketplace security and prevent fraud. The company also works with law enforcers and government agencies in the world so as to enforce its policies. Its trading policies are rooted in the values of the eBay market place. It seeks to encourage open, honest, and accountable transactions. It also seeks for feedback from the customers so as to ensure good services. The company also has an eBay safety Center to ensure buying and selling safety. (About eBay 2010; Philippe 2009).

The International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay

The International Marketing Strategies Of Companies Marketing Essay It is not too long ago when people from one part of the world did not know the existence of others. Peoples desire to share knowledge and explore the whole world led to some major exploration likes Marco Polo and Christopher Columbus, who made the connection between Europe and America. Before this period, people had no scope to know about knowledge or innovations of others. It was the 16th century A.D. that brought Patagonian Indians to America. During the 17th century Europeans discovered Australia and by that time the whole world was recognized and was ready for contact and trade activity. This can be considered to be the earliest recorded history of the beginning of a new era called globalization. (Daniels et al. ,2002). Although the idea of globalization and its relation to the business world is not too old and it is only in the last two decades that the current trend of globalization has brought a dramatic change to the business world (Thoumrungroje Tansuhaj, 2004). In the book, Globalisation in world business, the author A. G. Hopkins said globalization is not simply a western experience. The key is to understand the globalizing processes which include ancient and modern as well as western and eastern dimensions. The representative of globalisation could be anywhere starting from spiritual leaders and their beliefs to crowned heads and their royal family; travelling soldiers and scholars or even traders or general community people (Bell, 2003). However, Globalization has been defined by Jane Fraser and Jeremy Oppenheim (1997), in the simplest terms, as a process by which the worlds economy is transformed from a set of national and regional markets into a set of markets that operate without regard to national boundaries. WHAT DRIVES IT? In mid 1980s, after facing some fast changes in cold war, East world-West world relation became almost friendly. In addition, after the fall of Soviet Union, lot of emerging markets appeared in the context of world market, with an aspiration to enhance their living standard. In 1990s West German and East Germany re-merged and appeared as a potential industrialist country in world market. Many Eastern Europe countries and transition economies countries joined in European Union. China and India started exporting goods and services to large regions of the globe, particularly to the United States. The powerful economic growth of countries, resulted in enlarged local demands, leading to divergence between provinces, discriminations in income, anxieties about employment, and increases in energy prices (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). The USA market took the leadership role in this current trend of globalization. Factors like decentralization, privatization, deregulation as well as the growth of cyberspace made the globalization process faster. Through decentralization, new trading markets and trading blocs have emerged around the world. The companies are able to produce, buy or sell goods anywhere in the world and meet the local and regional needs. On the other hand, deregulation removed the trade barriers and helped to form NAFTA, LAFTA and World Trade Organization. Also, non government organization became involved in globalization through the process of privatization. Countries like India and China became more involved in global trade due cyberspace and technological improvement (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). Many authors and scholars have talked about many characteristics of globalization around the world. But factors like fast technological progress, the deteriorating role of the nation state, transfer of industrial production from western countries to newly industrialising countries for cheap labour and material are key drivers of globalization (Brown, 1999). THE EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION The effects of globalization are spreading widely day by day. All the major industries and business of both developed and developing countries, along with individuals, are affected by globalization. (Garrette, 2000). The current business environment is more aggressive and competitive and can be characterised as hypercompetitive environment (DAveni, 1994). As markets are becoming more global day by day, the trade involves more countries and economies around the world. World merchandise trade was $157 billion in 1963 and it has become $10,159 in 2005 which is a significant increase of $10 trillion. Also, service trade which used to be $365 billion in 1980 has increased to $2,415 billion (Held Mcgrew, 2007). The effect of globalization brought dramatic changes in the business environment and companies are restructuring their business due to this reason (Jones, 2002). One of the most strategical change and significant business development in the recent years, is the formation of co-marketing alliances (Hwang and Burgers, 1997). Globalization does not always bring good outcome to all people. It has badly affected the job sector of the developed countries, where jobs of manufacturing sector has decreased. As production plants have moved to the low cost producers and unavailability of alternative employment, many are still unemployed. Other issues for developed countries include the debt obligations to international bank. The amount has increased to $1 trillion which has an adverse impact on their economy. The privatisation sector, deregulation and currency adjustment has been affected due to this reason (Roukis, 2006). Globalization has consequences on our culture as well. The globalization of culture also affects cities. As people around the world exchange cultural symbols, they tend to forget their own cultures and identity. The exchange of cultural symbols has increased dramatically in the recent decade due to the availability of communication technologies. (Nijman,1999). Globalization also caused the remarkable increase in inequality between rich and poor countries. Also, globalization is related with globally organized crime, ethnic clash, environmental disaster, and the collapse of many states and the emergence of others, terrorism, militarism, proper democratic system as a political condition for international aid, the rise of civil wars etc. (Santos, 2006). On the other hand, Held Mcgrew (2007) suggests that economic globalization could encourage economic development as well as it could be the only successful path to global poverty reduction. During 1970, there were more than 1400 million people who used to earn less than $2 a day and during 1998, this figure came down to less than 1000 million. WHAT IS MARKETING STRATEGY? According to Varadarajan Clark (1994), Marketing strategy is concerned with the creation of a marketing mix that enables the business to achieve its objectives in a target market. Marketing strategy is the main and most important principle that a firm uses to organize and allocate its resources for generating profit from customers, who are an integrate part of the market (Kim, 2004). Aaker (2009 cited by Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) notes that marketing strategy can involve a variety of functional area strategies including positioning, pricing, distribution, and global strategies. The overriding principle driving a firms marketing strategy is that, marketing strategy depends on the companys vision for its future. This vision generally reflects where the firm expects to position itself in five to ten years-in effect, how the market perceives the firm. The development of a marketing strategy needs a basic assessment of both the firm and the market. The strategy, chosen, has to be the best at increasing the firms assets, with respect to the target market (Kyung Hoon Kim et al., 2012) Also, the key task of international marketing management is to establish a companys overall international strategy which also decides the degree of international integration of the company (Ghauri Cateora, 2006). INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND GLOBAL MARKETING Global marketing or globalization of markets is a key issue for multinational business firms. Many companies who markets global products around the world such as Nestle, Sony, Toyota and many others has to carefully look for opportunities in the international markets. Globalization of markets is a challenging issue for governments and political party or trade unions while business related people or organizations encourage the initiative of open trade which connects different markets by going beyond the national boundary. According to Solberg (1997), cited by Hollensen (1998), the following table explains nine strategic windows which are major motives for firms to internationalise. At immature stage, where firms have little experience, it is better not to go for international markets. Instead they should strength their position in the home market. Also, if firms find themselves smaller and weaker among other multinational firms in the global market, then Solberg (1997) suggests that the firms should try to increase its net assets by attracting potential partners for a future by-out bid. This could be a good option for small and medium size enterprises who are supplying advanced high-tech components to large industrial buyers. Firms also can overcome their competitive disadvantages by going into alliances with other firms. Preparedness for internationalization Mature 3.Go into new business 6. Prepare for globalization 9. Strengthen your global position Adolescent 2.Consolidate your expert markets 5. Consider expansion in international markets 8. Seek global alliances Immature 1. Stay at home 4. Seek niches in international markets 7. Prepare for a buy-out Local Potentially global Global Industry globalism Table. The nine strategic windows , Source: opted from Solberg (1997), cited by Hollensen (1998). The technological advancement of the 21st century has been a key factor behind global marketing. The exchange of information has become easy and transport has become more cheap and comfortable. Consumers around the world wants new and innovative product even if they are being made in the other part of the world because technology makes them aware about the existence of that new product. Business firms accept this commercial reality and as result enjoy greater economies of scale in production or marketing or distribution. As a result, the globalization of business helps them to offer products at a cheaper rate and thus gain a competitive advantage among its competitors (Buzzel et al.,1995). Although global marketing strategy and globalization of markets are two interrelated areas but there is a little difference between them. Global marketing strategy is needed in order to improve the efficiency of operations while globalization of markets is occurring due to the homogeneity of demand across cultures (Ghauri cateora, 2006). Due to the raise in globalization of markets day by day companies find they are inevitably surrounded by foreign consumers as well as their competitors and suppliers. On the other hand, different countries have to admit the limitation of their own assets and the advantage of trade activities outside their own boundaries. Thus engaging in international business for both firms and countries are very much essential. According to Ghauri and Cateora (2006), the following factors play an important role in shaping of international business. Each country or economy is dependent to other economies. The formulation of free trade areas such as ASEAN, EU, APEC and NAFTA and the expansion of business activities in those areas. Countries having greater purchasing power due to their improving economy The arrival of new and potential markets with a large number of customers such as countries like India, China, Russia, Brazil, Malaysia etc. Technological advancement has been the key factor behind the improvement of transportation and communication. In order to engage in international business, companies need to have proper international marketing strategies. As international markets bring new opportunities and threats, appropriate strategies could help them to overcome possible difficulties in the international markets. Also, international companies need to respond to customer needs and wants by adapting existing product or by bringing new product to the market. (Bradley, 2002). International marketing exists all around us due to the globalization and provides new opportunities and challenges for marketers around the world. (Czinkota and Samli, 2007). EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION ON COMPANIES MARKETING STRATEGIES According to Czinkota Samli (2007), Globalization enables international marketing to take place all around us, and to continuously offer new opportunities and challenges. Successful economies are always driven by customer needs and wants. The bureaucratic plans do not play an important role there. On the other hand, a firm must have a strategic response to the challenges of global market. Companies which are expanding their business in domestic market need to choose an appropriate strategy suitable to their situation. Since a global company is involved in many countries economy, it brings the idea of standardizing the marketing activities. The recent trend in globalization encourages the companies as well as countries to engage more in world trade activities. World exports were three times higher in 1998 than 1950; according to a WTO estimate, in 2001 this ratio was 29 per cent and in 2005 it was 27 per cent comparing to 12.5 per cent in 1970 and 17 per cent in 1990. In spite of 11 September attack in the USA the world economy is still achieving a rapid growth (Held Mcgrew, 2007). Also, Czinkota and Samli (2007) suggest that the base of globalization has two dimensions. The first one deal with deregulation, decentralization, the development of electronic data transfer and the other is characterised by capital flow, information and technological development. These features accelerate globalization, which enable companies to engage in international trade activity. Thus globalization provides a powerful foundation for international marketing to make progress. CO-MARKETING ALLIANCES According to Hewang and Burgers (1997, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), one of the recent trends to overcome the globalization effects has been the formation of marketing alliances. As companies around the world are restructuring their business to meet the global threats co-marketing alliances can bring greater success in the international marketing performances. In simple words, Anderson and Narus (1990, cited by Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) defines Co-marketing alliances as a form of working partnership with mutual recognition and understanding that the success of each firm depends in part on the other firm. Its a contractual relationship between the two firms, whose respective products acts as complimentary products, in the market. The purpose of such relationship is to intensify and/or build awareness, about benefits of such complementarities. The co-ordination between firms can be extended into product development, product and even research development. Also, according to Hoskisson et al. (2004, cited by Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj, 2004), co-marketing alliances are a particular type of strategic alliance which is a business level competitive strategy. The primary focus of such alliance is to create a competitive advantage in the international market. It is also called horizontal complementary strategic alliance. The main objective of such alliance formation is to maximize the companies profit by utilizing their resources and capabilities. Co-marketing alliances also helps firms to gain better market position through increasing sales and market share. The following figure explains the relationship between co-marketing alliance, globalization effects and international marketing performance. Global Competitive environment Global Market Uncertainty Cooperation in Co-Marketing Alliance International Marketing Performance Global Market Opportunities Figure1.4 Conceptual relationship of globalization effects, cooperation and performance. Source. Adapted from (Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj ,2004). Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj (2004) suggest there are two kinds of globalization effects. They are global market opportunities and global market threats. Global market opportunities encourage the mergers of different firms, by combining their resources; from which, more powerful and larger group can emerge. Such groups are capable of providing a complete range of new product and services and thus gain the customer preferences. In United States, Citigroup and Travellers Group have merged together and have become one of the most successful financial service providers in the world. Also, powerful companies like General motor is attacking different sector by offering credit cards.(Doole Lowe, 1999) On the other hand, Thoumrungroje and Tansuhaj (2004) also suggest global market threat could be classified into two categories. It is consists of global market uncertainty as well as the intensity and the level of competition. Global market threats are increasing due to, the easy access opportunity in the international markets. However, Co-marketing alliance does have significant management challenges, in spite of its potential contribution. There are chances of disagreement between partners, as they often tend to compete with each other in terms of product lines and occasionally, even those covered by co-marketing agreement. In fact, there is a high possibility of opportunism as one of the partners may use the other to gain market position only; or may be to build technological skills from the knowledge of the others intellectual property. (Louis P. Bucklin Sanjit Sengupta, 1993) STANDARDISATION VERSUS ADAPTATION Its been a long time, since the two opposing international marketing strategies have been debated upon standardisation versus adaptation of products. Standardization means selling essentially the same product in all markets. The advantage of standardisation is low costs, as designing, manufacturing and distributing same product across countries involves less of investment. However, selling identical products across borders may be undesirable due to differences in the legal environments, distribution channels, climates, topography, levels of market and technological development, and competitive and cultural factors. As customers of different countries have different requirements, a standardised product might not be able to satisfy all customers. (Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004) On the other hand, product adaptation refers to the degree to which the physical characteristics or attributes of a product and its packaging differs across national markets (Cavusgil et al., 1993 cited by Roger J. Calantone et al. 2004). Though customising products for different markets increases cost, the adapted products are more likely to fit the needs of the varied range of customers of different countries and become more acceptable; but would command higher margins, generating greater revenues. For example, Procter Gambles (PG) Oil of Olay skin moisturizer has different type of product in different countries, based on research of the need of customers in those countries; instead of just changing the language on the bottle of the same product. Doole and Lowe (1999) suggests within the elements of marketing management products or service image or marketing objective and strategies can be standardised easily than pricing or distribution. Pricing Differentiation Distribution Sales force Sales promotion Product Image Objective strategy Standardisation A firm taking a global approach means they are standardising their marketing activities to some extent and the firms who have multi-domestic approach means they adopt totally different policy for every single market. In one of the important studies on this topic, Cavusgil et al. (1993) concluded that it is difficult to make blanket statements about suitable standardization/adaptation strategy without an examination of (these factors). The preferable option for firms is to take such a strategy which is a mixture of standardisation as well as adaptation of the different elements of marketing management programmes. Most companies around the world globalise some elements of the marketing mix while localising others and they use a combination of multi-domestic, global or regional, and transitional strategies. Many international firms find it difficult to optimally balance standardizing and adapting their marketing, specifically the marketing strategies, across national borders, in order to be successful. Also, in the process of internationalisation, firms need to find the correct approach towards globalisation, regionalisation and localisation of business activities, in general, along with finding a way to transfer the approach to their marketing strategies level (Stefan Schmid and Thomas Kotulla, 2011).

Compare Only the wall by Matthew Sweeney and Mirror by Sylvia Plath. :: English Literature

Compare Only the wall by Matthew Sweeney and Mirror by Sylvia Plath. Poem Comparison. I am going to compare two poems "Only the wall" by Matthew Sweeney and "Mirror" by Sylvia Plath. Both poems are similar as they both use personification. The poem "Only the wall" has the wall, which is personified as the wall is seeing what is happening, but cannot tell anyone. The poem "Mirror" has the mirror, which is personified, as the poem shows what the mirror sees. The poem mirror is about a mirror and a woman who is obsessed with the mirror. The mirror says it does not lie it just tells the truth. "I am not cruel only truthful" This tells you the mirror does not lie it shows the truth even though it might hurt and that it cannot judge how someone looks. In the second stanza the mirror begins to feel sorry for the woman. "I see her back and reflect it faithfully. She rewards me with tears and an agnation of the hands." This tells you how the mirror sees the woman's ugly face everyday and how the mirror sees the woman upset with the way she looks. The mirror is also upset, as it does not mean to upset her, but it can only show the truth. The mood of the poem is sad. "In me she has drowned a young girl, and in me an old woman rises towards her day after day, like a terrible fish." This tells how sad she is especially when she goes to the mirror and sees how her beauty has died away. The way the poem has been structured is the first stanza is about the mirror and the second stanza is about the woman. The poet's idea is trying to make us think about how people care so much about how they look. "I am important to her. She comes and goes. Each morning her face replaces the darkness." This tells us that the woman is maybe upset with the way she looks and how the mirror is really important because she wishes that she could be young and pretty again. Overall I think this poem was sad as it made me feel sorry for the woman. Also at first I found it hard to understand. The second poem has a different subject to the first poem. The first poem is about a woman looking in the mirror and the second poem is about a wall watching three bullies bullying a boy. For example: "The first day only the wall saw the bully trip the new boy" This line tells us that on the new boys fist day only the wall saw

Major League Baseball Salaries: How Much is Too Much? Essay -- Argumen

Major League Baseball Salaries: How Much is Too Much? Twenty-five million dollars made per year. Over one hundred fifty-four thousand dollars made per game. Over forty-seven thousand dollars earned per at bat. Sounds a little ridiculous, does it not? That is what current Texas Ranger shortstop Alex Rodriguez earns to play the game of baseball (azcentral.com). Baseball is a game that children have been playing in schoolyards and fields for the past one hundred years. It may not be a game anymore. On the Major League level it has become a business. This is where the problem starts. Others associated with baseball do not see any problem. All businesses are entitled to the best employees they can afford. If the owner wishes to pay larger salaries, then he/she is at liberty to do this because he/she is in charge of the operations of the business. Baseball is no different. If New York Yankees’ owner, George Steinbrenner, chooses to spend $125 million on players’ salaries each year, who will stop him? If Minnesota Twins’ owner, Carl Pohlad, decides to only spend $25 million on players’ salaries, who tells him to spend more? The answer of course is nobody, because baseball is a business. Each franchise is run by an individual owner who makes the business decisions. Compared to long ago, baseball has transformed from being the sport people have a passion for to an egotistical business of super-agents and ten million dollar players (azcentral.com). This essay will introduce the situation that Major League Baseball is in with regards to its players’ salaries. It will also describe how the salaries escalating at the rate they are is hurting the game overall by pushing the fans awa... ...ball itself. Works Cited Holahan, William L, Kroncke, Charles O. â€Å"A Pedagogical Note on Baseball Stadium Economics: ‘Show Me the Money!’ † Social Studies Jan/Feb 2003: 44-45 Rosenthal, Ken. â€Å"Look What Happened to the Big Boys.† Sporting News 14 Oct. 2002: 47-48 Stein, Lisa. â€Å"Let’s Play Hardball.† US News and World Report 15 Apr. 2002: 14 Twenty-five Highest Paid Major League Baseball Players. 12 May 2002. Arizona Republic. 25 March 2003 http://www.azcentral.com/sports/diamondbacks/ top25salaries2002.html Verducci, Tom. â€Å"Conspiracy Theory.† Sports Illustrated 10 Jan. 2003: 22 Wilson-Smith, Anthony. â€Å"The Unsporting Life.† MacLean’s 17 Feb. 2003: 4 Baseball Salaries Database. 11 November 2002. USA Today. 25 March 2003 http://asp.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/salaries/default.aspx Kurson, Ken. â€Å"The Baseball Fallacies.† Esquire April 2001: 110

Tcl 201 Midterm

Questions: 1. Taking your information from Katherine Benton-Cohen’s book, Borderline Americans, write an essay on how the term â€Å"American† became synonymous with â€Å"white† in Cochise County during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Start by discussing the nature of relations between Mexicans and whites in the different sections of the county during the 19th century. How did relations change over time and what factors led to those changes?In answering these questions, you should pay some attention to changing demographics but focus on how mining companies’ interest in exploiting its labor force, the Bisbee Deportations, and the aftermath of the deportations led to the creation of â€Å"one county, two races. † Borderline Americans covers distinct situations that occurred in Cochise county where the definition of being American was pursued based on what benefited the Anglos in the area. IN areas such as in Tres Alamos, there were situation s of intermarriage.In Bisbee, there was the dual-wage system the separated Mexicans from Americans, and in Tombstone, Anglos and Mexicans would come together to combat native Indians. Yet, when Mexicans wanted to put their American civil rights to action, Anglos would counter act them by saying how they were not American enough. a. In Cochise County, â€Å"corporations and governments exerted enormous influence over the creation of racial categories† (pg. 14). Everyone fought over what defined race and who could benefit from the term (pg. 14). b. In Tres Alamos, Anglos and Mexicans were friendly towards one another for political reasons. In theory. New Spain’s elite was Spanish, but in a sparsely settled frontier area, people who were Spanish-speaking, wealthy, or landed qualified as being Spanish, and thus—in the context of American racial codes—white (pg 28). c. In other areas in Arizona such as in Tucson, Anglo cowboys and Mexicans joined forces to com bat the native Indians (pg. 63). d. In Bisbee, there still existed a dual-wage system. Here, Mexicans were paid less than the Anglo men despite their skills. Corporations ruled the community, so they set the define line of who was worthy to be American and who was not based on pay (pg. 07). Dual wage system. I. Spanish American Identity: a. â€Å"The Spanish American identity in New Mexico was conceived in myth and is sustained by memory† (pg. 212). i. The Spanish American identity was an illusion that Nuevomexicanos created and lived up to during the late years of the 19th and early 20th century. b. It originates from its diverse â€Å"struggles against political and social marginalization, and was nurtured by a burgeoning tourist industry, a Hispanophilic cultural movement, and locally authored histories and scholarship† (pg. 2). i.The Spanish identity came out of years of political and social suppression. Nuevomexicanos wanted to define their racial identity, and by identifying with their Spanish origins they could argue their â€Å"purity of blood† and distinguish themselves from being â€Å"Indian† or â€Å"Anglo†, claiming identity to their European roots which was racially white, and moving away from their ‘mixed-blood Mexican immigrant identity, yet identify with their attachment to the land (by way of conquest) (pg. 16-17). ii. In summary, there was no such thing as a Spanish American identity.This was a mythical race that Nuevomexicanos created for their benefit. Nuevomexicanos hung to their Spanish roots because it gave them the power to identitify with their European roots, disassociate themselves from their Indian and Mexican immigrant roots, and still gain the privilege of enjoying social and civic equality with Anglo Americans (pg. 16). II. The White perception of Nuevomexicanos during the immediate years following the Mexican-American War. a. Anlgo’s questioned as to whether or not the Mexican-Ame rican people of New Mexico were ‘fit’ enough to be granted full U.S. -citizenship. i. The media of the time was a great example of how Anlgo’s viewed Neuvomexicanos. They mentioned how Mexicans â€Å"still â€Å"professed a deep hostility to American ideas and American policies. † Rather than assimilating into the nation cultural and political mainstream, the newspaper noted, these Mexicans stubbornly clung to their habits, political affiliations, and semipagan religious practices; they abhorred all things â€Å"American† and had little resolve to show their patriotism during the war . . (pg. 1). † 1. Anglo’s felt that Mexican’s would never be able to be loyal to the American government, and therefore they should not be granted U. S. citizenship. The media only added to this notion. b. Mexicans, because they were a mixed race, were also viewed as rebels and ‘political subversives’, and many U. S. officials such as S enator John C. Calhoun felt that they had â€Å"inherited the worst characteristics of both races, and to be â€Å"unfit† for U. S. citizenship or for self-government† (pg. 53). i.To many US Anglos, Mexicans were biologically predisposed to be savages and incapable of being loyal citizens to the United States. III. White’s views of Nuevomexicanos, New Mexico and statehood, and white migration and tourism to New Mexico. a. When Nuevomexicanos began to take claim to their â€Å"Spanish† European race, and attempt to move away from their Indian or Mexican identity, Anglo’s began to be more accepting of the state and its people. i. â€Å"The statehood debate illustrates how racial perceptions and relations played a major role in the formation of the Spanish American consciousness† (pg. 3). 1. Representative Joseph M. Root lobbied for New Mexico to gain statehood and he said how â€Å"Their race or â€Å"blood mixture† was of little conse quence to their ability to govern† (pg. 56). ii. New York Representative William H. Seward was a vocal supporter for New Mexico, and he said a speech referencing Nuevomexicanos to their Spanish roots. 1. â€Å"By praising the Spanish colonial past, Seward implied that New Mexico’s Indians and Nuevomexicanos heralded from a genteel, colonial society characterized by Christianity and racial order† (pg. 7). b. Nuevomexicanos began to redefine themselves as â€Å"Spanish† in ethnic origin and â€Å"American† in nationality (pg. 92). i. Other Anglos who were collaborating with Nuevomexicanos for their acceptance into statehood emphasized their Spanish American identity and â€Å"transformed New Mexico into the tourist capital of the Southwest, a Mecca for â€Å"American† immigrants and visitors who delighted in Spanish and Indian cultures† (pg. 2). 1.By Nuevomexicanos adopting a Spanish American identity, they not only gained support from o ther Anglo leaders, but they were also socially accepted and their ethnic background became a new tourist attraction for other Americans to come and see. IV. Romanticization of the Spanish past by Hispanophilia. a. â€Å"Hispanophilia was born of a desire to return to a simpler way of life that, in fact, had never been all that simple . . . It was an ideology (pg. 147). i. This was a way for the Spanish Americans to be proud of their racial background, yet at the same grounds have the acceptance they desired from the Anglos. . Many US Anglos from other states still feared the rumors about Mexicans and their violent characteristics. In an effort to move away from such misconceptions, Nuevomexicanos with the help of boosters, promoted their Spanish American identity, which then gave birth to Hispanophilia. This notion allowed them to create a â€Å"fantasy heritage† that was acceptable for Anglos and yet gave them the ‘acceptable means of defining their historical identi ty’ (pg. 148) V. Nuevomexicanos and their Spanish American Identity a.Nuevomexicanos used their new Spanish American identity to their advantage, for it was their only way of regaining control over their ‘declining political fortunes, land base, and language’ (pg. 148). i. From Hispanophilia came the birth of Hispanidad. 1. â€Å"Hispanidad entailed claiming ownership, most notably, of Hispanic heritage, language, values, beliefs, and culture† (pg. 171). ii. They also came to use this to their advantage by demonstrating how Spanish Americans were equal to Anglos in racial hierarchy, yet they kept their Spanish distinction from that of the Anglo’s.